Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Essay - 542 Words

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Orson Welles produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, the classic masterpiece which communicates its original narrative through ground-breaking cinematography, lighting, music, setting, sound and performances. The film has underlying symbols in every single shot, and uses innumerable cinematic devices to convey meaning. One of the many implications Citizen Kane makes is strongly embodied in the sequence of Kane and his wife Susan at their palace, Xanadu. Welles choice of camera shots, mise-en-scene and movement in this sequence are used effectively to symbolize womens inferiority to men. The manner in which Susan Alexander is shot in this sequence is†¦show more content†¦As the camera cuts to a long shot taken from behind Kanes left shoulder, Susan appears so small that the spectator must actually search the mise-en-scene for her. By choosing these particular camera shots and angles, Welles uses cinematic devices to portray women. Mise-en-scene takes an important role in this sequence, as it strongly illustrates the powerlessness and irrelevance of Susan. In front of the vast empty fireplace completing her endless jigsaw puzzles, Susan kneels near the bottom of the frame, which symbolizes defencelessness and insignificance. To her right, there is a fire pump which is so large it dwarfs her, and behind to her left is a massive statue of a Roman goddess. This is ironic, since deities represent strength and authority, both of which Susan is completely lacking. The goddess takes on the dominant role of this shot instead of the living person, Susan. This particular use of mise-en-scene represents the inequality between men and women in the film. Susans movements also play a major role in implying the submissiveness of women. Gentle, graceful hand movements as she places puzzle pieces, a slow turn of the head as she acknowledges Kanes entrance, and delicately twitching her fingers as she begs Charles to go to New York; all of which indicate frailty and helplessness.Show MoreRelatedOrson Welles And Citizen Kane2180 Words   |  9 Pagesin half between his polar personalities. Charles Foster Kane has recently died and the predicament of interpreting his life and its meaning is left upon a single reporter. â€Å"†¦A group of prominent films critics were asked to list the greatest directors and the greatest films, Orson Welles and Citizen Kane both came in first (Carringer 32).† Orson Welles’ produces, co-wrote, directed, and starred in the great American classic film, Citizen Kane, at the age of 26. Throughout this entire film, the audienceRead MoreCitizen Kane, Directed By Orson Welles995 Words   |  4 Pagesand film critic Roger Ebert, Citizen Kane, is a movie directed, co-authored, produced and starred by Orson Welles and released in 1941. The film follows a series of flashbacks to solve a mystery, and is based upon newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. The movies subtle comparison between the fictional protagonist, Charles Foster Kane (played by Orson Welles) and William Randolph Hearst leads Hearst to ban any mention of the movie in his newspapers. Citizen Kane shows the harsh realities of theRead MoreCitizen Kane By Orson Welles855 Words   |  4 PagesTrying to multiply their prosperity and authority they can lose their human nature and soul, turn human relation into the market. In the movie â€Å"Citizen Kane† directed by Orson Welles in 1941, on the example of the main character, Charles Foster Kane, it is shown how the person who could get everything he wanted, but was unable to save it (Citizen Kane). For example, he had two marriages, but both were unhappy because of Kane’s treatment to his women. He also was very close to the successfulRead MoreAnalysis Of Orson Welles Citizen Kane1776 Words   |  8 Pages1941, the release of Orson Welles Citizen Kane saw the New York Times label it as the riding crest of perhaps the most provocative publicity wave ever to float a motion picture†. Withstanding against contextual influences and alterations this historically epic melodrama has endured time, continuing to rouse meaning and differing interpretations for the individual of yesterday, today and tomorrows humanity. Setting precedent for a new world of cinematography to arise, Welles utilised the day’s contextRead MoreOrson Welles s Citizen Kane994 Words   |  4 PagesOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) is known as one of the most innovative and highly rated films of all time. Welles and his cinematographer, Gregg Toland, were among the first filmmakers to use deep-focus photography for significant portions of the film rather than using the more classic medium and close up shots . Welles and Toland also used unconventional filming methods, such as â€Å"high contrast, unusual camera angles, and the use of shafts of light† (Cagle, Dombrowski and Ramaeker), which createdRead MoreCitizen Kane Directed by Orson Welles545 Words   |  2 PagesWhat is the meaning of life? Joseph Campbell states that, â€Å"Life has no meaning. Each of us has meaning and we bring it to life. It is a waste to be asking the question when you are the answer.† Directed by Orson Welles, the film Citizen Kane (1941) is about Charles Foster Kane who is a wealthy newspaper publisher and in the film, his life is retold from when he was a little boy to his passing by his friends and family. On the other hand, American Beauty (1999), a film directed by Sam Mendes, tellsRead MoreThe Movie Citizen Kane written by Orson Welles1179 Words   |  5 Pages The Film Citizen Kane by written by Orson Welles does an excellent job at using film techniques and mise-en-scene to help viewer s understand the sense of nature between characters. I wrote about this once before when analyzing another scene in the film but there are many examples within the film of techniques being used intricately in both deliberate and subliminal ways to portray the tone of specific scenes. A series of scenes in which this is very apparent is when a story is being told about CharlesRead MoreCitizen Kane : Film Directed By Orson Welles1203 Words   |  5 PagesCitizen Kane (Orson Welles 1941) is a film directed by Orson Welles, this film follows the life of a millionaire Foster Kane played by Orson Welles himself. The film is set in the early 1930’s and 40’s and follows his life and the presses attempt to unveil the meaning of his last mysterious word â€Å"Rosebud.† The brilliance of this film comes from the cinematography and shows the assertions of humanity through its use of Mise-en-scene and various technical aspects such as low angle shots and Deep-FocusRead Mor eFilm Analysis : Citizen Kane Directed By Orson Welles1955 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1941 film, Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles is a phenomenal example of the exploration of innovative uses in photography, sound and editing. Orson Welles uses staging, shadows, low-key lighting, deep focus and overlapping dialogue to emphasize various aspects of the film. The main character Charles Foster Kane is sent away by his parents when he is just little boy after they come into a large amount of money. Due to this, he grows up to be an insensitive and vain man. Kane becomes very successfulRead MoreThe Film Citizen Kane : A Film Of All Time, And Director Orson Welles1425 Words   |  6 Pages Critics have called the 1941 film Citizen Kane one of the best movies of all time, and director Orson Welles’s direction is largely to thank for the work’s accolades. Citizen Kane is famous for its use of long shots, deep staging, deep focus, and, as will be considered in this paper, i ts lighting practices. Welles strategically lights his characters in order to develop them throughout the film; this paper will focus on three shots that show Jerry Thompson (William Alland) develop from functioning

Alienation Is Not A New Thing - 1640 Words

Alienation is best described as a powerful feeling of isolation and loneliness, which stems from a variety of causes such as certain events and situations in society or in a persons individual life (â€Å"Alienation†). The extent in which a person is alienated varies from mild to severe often depending on the specific trigger. Most commonly, the feeling of not fitting in with others and being different causes alienation. However, in some instances a certain life changing event or the accumulation of internal feelings may cause a person to try and escape from reality. This ultimately results in self-triggered alienation them from the outside world. This is why, although alienation is not necessarily a bad thing, in long-term cases it can have a very negative effect on a person’s self-confidence and happiness. The common occurrence of alienation is not a new thing. Although more recently noticed in current social situations, people have been experiencing this state of isolation throughout all of history. Due to the modernist movement of the twentieth century, countless pieces of literature explore the effects that alienation on fictional characters in order to mimic reality. Breaking away from conformism, the initial drive of individualistic thinking created a sense of alienation for those rejecting social norms until the final break through occurred in society. Authors of the twentieth century that successfully grasp this overarching theme of alienation include AlbertShow MoreRelatedAlienation within Beloved Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesAlienation within â€Å"Beloved† â€Å"Cultural trauma refers to a dramatic loss of identity and meaning, a tear in the social fabric, affecting a group of people that has achieved some degree of cohesion† (Day 2). This quote by Ron Eyerman in â€Å"Cultural Trauma† references a large theme within the novel â€Å"Beloved†; Alienation of the self with its own identity. As the cultural trauma of slavery took its toll on the populations of each and every state where it persisted, it culminated in the same outcome inRead MoreCharacters Of Characters Ordinary People And The Play Oedipus At Colonus 1691 Words   |  7 PagesAlienation is when someone is being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should be involved. Throughout The novels Ordinary People by Judith Guest, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, and the play Oedipus at Colonus by Sophocles, alienation is shown. In Ordinary People, Conrad suffers from depression. His brother Buck died in a Boat accident which Conrad feels respons ible for. Ever sense that Conrad and his family have never been the same. Conrad falls apart and struggles with everything fromRead MoreKarl Marx : Is Alienation A Systematic Result Of Capitalism?1711 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx: Is Alienation a Systematic Result of Capitalism? Name: The Marx’s theory of alienation was based on antagonism that things that are related together and are in harmony as well as social separation of man from aspect of man’s nature. One can only be left to ponder if alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. Predominance of private ownership of means of production and exploitation of wage labor all characterize alienation, therefore, alienation is the culmination of capitalismRead MoreWhat Does Marx Mean by Alienation? Do You Find His Account Convincing?1466 Words   |  6 PagesWhat does Marx mean by alienation? Do you find his account convincing? To begin with I am going to take the definition of alienation from Microsofts Encarta (http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary), to give a basic outline of alienation and then I will discuss Marxs alienation and then later on in the investigation I will see how similar Marxs application of alienation is. Encarta defines alienation as, 1. estrangement: the process of causing somebody to become unfriendly, unsympatheticRead MoreGregor Samsas Metamorphosis in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1271 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Kafka describes the theme of alienation and its negative effect on people and their relationships with the people around them. This theme can be shown through Gregor Samsa, the main character in The Metamorphosis. After Gregor’s metamorphosis, or transformation, he is turned from a human being into a giant bug which makes him more and more distant from the people in his life. The alienation that Gregor experiences results in his eventual downfall, which couldRead MoreEssay about Marxs Theory of Alienation1087 Words   |  5 PagesMarxs theory of alienation has to do with the separation of things that logically belong together. According to Marx, alienation is a universal result of capitalism. Marxs theory of alienation is based upon his observation that, within the capitalist mode of production, workers con sistently lose determination of their lives and fates by being deprived of the right to envision themselves as the administrator of their actions. Workers become autonomous, self-realized people, but are lead and divertedRead MoreAlienation By Kristen Dombek s Piece, She Details Various Accounts Of Social Alienation1398 Words   |  6 PagesAlienation is something we find to be constantly present within our society. This idea is steadily exemplified throughout history whether it be through class, race, or any social unjust. In Kristen Dombek’s piece, she details various accounts of social alienation. The reader follows as Dombek reveals corruption between human relationships and the way we interact with world. She exposes what we are all afraid to admit- modern values and morals. Kristen Dombek presses us with the question of why weRead MoreThe Fall Of Feudalism And The Rise Of Capitalism1304 Words   |  6 Pagesof capitalism. To get there, the first thing needed was a ch ange in thinking. This began with the scientific revolution, and led to the Enlightenment in the 18th century. The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was highlighted by individualism, reason, and skepticism. Skepticism caused people to denounce divine right of kings, thus moving from monarchies to democracies. This desire for knowledge coupled with the scientific revolution resulted in new manufacturing inventions that made theRead MoreWe Must Get Rid Of Civil Society998 Words   |  4 Pagesintroducing a new idea into society that has never been thought of. Instead of having a traditional family there would instead be a community of people who raise the children and also do the housework. This would change these jobs from being strictly for women but rather for everyone. It is interesting to note that this in some sense parallels with Plato’s ideas on the ideal society. In his second wave we must destroy the family model. Through this people will have all things in common and noRead MoreThe Theories Of Alienation ( Marx ) And Rationalisation ( Weber )1562 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss how the concepts of alienation (Marx) and rationalisation (Weber) have influenced twentieth-century social theorising. The theory of alienation by Marx and the concept of rationalisation by Weber have both influenced twentieth century social theorising. Both of the theories are key factors in explaining the reasons behind capitalism and how it leads to the dehumanisation of the individual. This essay will seek to analyse the ways in which individuals become detached from the self and feel

Healthy Community free essay sample

Providing care to a community can depend on the health issues within that community. . Nurses may gather information, statistics, and analyze the community’s health status (Maurer amp; Smith, 2009). For example, as stated on the nyc. gov website â€Å"The health department estimates that at current levels of fine particle pollution alone cause more than 3000 deaths, 2000 hospital admissions for lung and heart conditions, and 6000 emergency department admissions for asthma† ( NYC Community Air Survey, 2013, para 1). There are many areas within NYC suffering from respiratory diseases, particularly the Bronx, where asthma is rated the highest in the state. Teaching how to minimize pollutants to a community with a high rate of respiratory diseases will be crucial. Ways to teach a community will be, providing smoke –free environments, teach the effects of littering, extermination for pests such as rats, and providing resources on how to purchase air filters. Maintaining a clean environment inside the house, as well as outside will benefit these communities with high air pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Community or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nurse may work with local civic groups, and write local newspapers, providing education on a healthy community. Teaching in schools, and community clinics will be great starting points to provide teachings as well. Maurer, F. A. amp; Smith, C. M. 2009. Community/Public Health Nursing Practice : Health for Families and Populations, 4th Edition. Retrieved from: http://pageburstls. elsevier. com/#/books/9781416050049/pages/30798296 NYC Community Air Survey. 2013. Retrieved from: http://www. nyc. gov/html/doh/html/environmental/community-air-survey. shtml

Inter Cultural Business Communication †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Inter Cultural Business Communication. Answer: Communication Today From the topic, communication today, there are different things that I learnt, some which I was aware of and some that I had not thought of prior to the lessons. In the recent past decades the ways that people used to communicate with each other have changed rapidly. Within a period of one century, the methods of communication have changed from the use of telegraphs and letters to the use of mobile phones which were closely accompanied by the use of social networks. Today, communication is very much faster than it was before. It is very easy to know matters that are happening globally in a matter of seconds (Tenopir et al., 2009). Technology has therefore improved communication levels very highly in the present day, as compared to any other time ever before. Different means of communication The different means of communication that are used presently depend on whether the communication is business related or personal. For personal conversations, people use different means. Texting via mobile phones is one very widely used tool of communicating. People also put up updates online through the different social media platform to pass on information. These platforms include; Face book, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat among others. Emails are also used frequently. There are also different applications that are used to pass information to many people all at once. For business and professional matters, emails are very frequently used to pass across information. Many professionals also make use of their mobile phones to call their clients to set up meetings. Business meetings are also very frequently conducted through Skype where people in different geographical locations are able to hold meetings. Today, it is very hard to communicate to a person who does not have a mobile phone. Mobile phones are very useful because aside from calling and texting, they have the ability to connect to the internet which enables many people to send photos, emails, and even watch television programs. The presence of more efficient means of communication does not mean that people now communicate better than they did before. Personal Reflections and Opinion Incidentally, very many people today spend most of their time staring at their screens, be they their phones or computers. Many of these people are normally chatting with people who they will never meet. Very many people do not talk to people who are physically present. Even family members may be seated around a table but no one is talking to another as they are all busy communicating with other people who are not physically there (Ferguson, Plo and Prez-Llantada, 2011). This has caused many family members to have strained relationships because they dont not properly communicate with each other on the different issues in existence. After much reflection, I realized that I was one of these people. I am constantly on my phone. Whether I am waiting for the bus, or in a queue, my attention is always directed to my phone. I learnt that it is important to communicate to people through technology but it also very important to communicate to people who are there physically. This aids in creating good relationships and developing bonds between people. People are forced to continually learn about new technology due to the ever changing technological innovations. The time that people spend learning the new technologies could instead be freed and people could use it in performing other productive activities. Very many people are on social media where they have to keep updating their status and viewing what other people are saying. It also very fashionable in this day and age, especially for young people to have blogs that must be frequently updated (Jinha, 2010). I believe that all these activities are important but should be carried out in moderation. My view is that people nowadays are extremely interested in using only technology to communicate which has made us lose our abilities to talk face to face. In my opinion, we should use technology to supplement our communication and not to completely replace the satisfaction that we derive from connecting emotionally and the other feelings that we experience from the face to face communication method. Learning on this topic and being able to have a different perspective is very important for me now. I believe that in places of work it is important for colleagues to communicate physically whenever possible. This will enable people to express themselves in the right manner. People will be able to show their true reactions in relation to different activities and the decision making process will also be easier and based on the actual feelings that people have concerning different issues. Proper communication is also paramount for proper and healthy family relationships. Parents who take the time to talk to their children on different matters are likely to have a bigger impact on their lives as compared to those who simply text or call their children on the phone. This is due to the presence of emotions in face to face conversations and the ability to view reactions, gestures, and facial expressions. Therefore, I still view the technology that has eased communication in a positive light. However, I am of the opinion that we should not only rely on technology to communicate but we should try as much as possible to interact with our immediate environment and create connections. Emotional Intelligence, Self-Talk, and Assertiveness Emotional Intelligence The second topic that I will reflect upon in this report is on emotional intelligence, self-talk, and assertiveness. This is a field that is very recent in psychology research. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability that people have to manage their individual emotions as well as those of other people and discriminate among them, as well as be able to use this information as a guide to how they behave and think. Emotional intelligence is grouped into four main competencies and domains. These are; self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, andrelationship management (Arora et al., 2010). Self-awareness refers to how well people understand themselves and their emotions. Self-management refers to the ability of people to be able to maintain emotional self-control, have a positive outlook on different situations, have an orientation towards achievements, and be able to adapt easily. Social awareness refers to the ability of people to possess organizational awareness, and be empathetic. To a large extent, emotional intelligence involves emotional empathy. This refers to the ability of people to concentrate on their own emotions as well as recognize their moods as well as those of other people(Gisder et al., 2010). Finally, relationshipmanagement shows how well people are able to interact with others. This is depicted in teamwork activities, conflict management, coaching and mentorship activities, as well as in inspirational leadership. Lessons Learnt One very important lesson that I learnt regarding emotional intelligence is that it is very important to develop a balance in terms of the strengths across all the emotional intelligence competencies. Therefore, having emotional intelligence helps people to be able to reduce negative emotions, stay cool even in stressful circumstances, and be able to manage the situations and be assertive. I also learnt about different emotional intelligence models but the one that resonated the most with me is the emotional intelligence that is based on ability. This model asserts that emotions are important sources of information that enable people to properly make use of the social environment. This model provides four types of abilities. These are; the ability to perceive information, use the information, comprehend emotions, and initiate the emotions. When all these abilities are used correctly, ones emotional intelligence improves dramatically. When this model was developed, there was a measure ment instrument that was named after its proponents, Mayer-Salovey-Caruso, which was founded on different emotional solving problems. Ones ability is measured based on the four main branches, after which a score is generated and used to calculate a final score(Bulmer, McGrathaGreta and Cummings, 2009). Importance of Self -Talk One other important thing that I learnt was the importance of self-talk. It enables us to manifest our beliefs and thoughts. One thing that was revealed was that most people have negative self-talk. They often criticize themselves as opposed to motivate themselves. This in turn breeds negative behavior and responses. I learnt that it is very important to have positive affirmations especially because they counter our negative thoughts(Donaldson, Dollwet and Rao, 2014). Our subconscious can be re-programmed to get rid of any negative thoughts by feeding it with positive statements. Therefore, every time I feel a negative way, I counter it through self-affirmation. Incidentally, I always tell myself that fear cannot hold me back and that I possess the strength to make my dreams come true. Personal Reflections I have learnt that to be successful in any profession today, it is paramount to have emotional intelligence. Initially, I thought that only the intelligence quotient was important in professions. However, I learnt that emotional intelligence is just as important or even more important than intelligence quotient. This information is important to me because since I now know the significance of emotional intelligence, I will continually improve my emotional intelligence and continually review by participating in the different tests that measure it. This will aid me in identifying my deficiencies in regards to my emotional intelligence levels which will assist me capitalize on my strengths and work on my weaknesses. References Alex, R., Williams, R., Stewart, J., Poschen, M., Snee, H., Asgari-Targhi, M. and Voss, A. (2010). Adoption and use of Web 2.0 in scholarly communications.philosophical transactions of the royal society A. Arora, S., Ashrafian, H., Davis, R., Athanasiou, T., Darzi, A. and Sevda, N. (2010).Emotional intelligence in medicine: a systematic review through the context of the ACGME competencies. Bulmer, K., McGrathaGreta, S. and Cummings, G. (2009). Emotional intelligence and nursing: An integrative literature review.International Journal of Nursing Studies. Donaldson, S., Dollwet, M. and Rao, M. (2014). Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: Examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology.the journal of positive psychology. FERGUSON, G., PLO, R. and PREZ-LLANTADA, C. (2011). English as an international language of scientific publication: a study of attitudes.world englishes. Gisder, S., Hedtke, K., Frielitz, M., Genersch, E. and Linde, A. (2010). Five-Year Cohort Study of Nosema spp. in Germany: Does Climate Shape Virulence and Assertiveness of Nosema ceranae?.applied and environmental microbiology. Jinha, A. (2010). Article 50 million: an estimate of the number of scholarly articles in existence.learned publishing. Tenopir, C., King, D., Edwards, S. and Wu, L. (2009). Electronic journals and changes in scholarly article seeking and reading patterns.Emeraldinsight

10 Fun Facts About UConn

Located in Storrs, Connecticut, the University of Connecticut is a public university, offering six campus locations throughout the state. Aside from its large public research facilities, UConn also offers an outstanding basketball program and great student life. Here are ten traditions and fun facts about University of Connecticut that you probably didn’t know:1. The university was actually founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School, named after the two brothers that donated the land. 2. Beyond the main Storrs campus, the university has five other regional campuses: Avery Point, Stamford, Torrington, Hartford, and Waterbury. 3. Before becoming the Huskies in 1933, the university’s mascot was the Aggies. 4. All of the mascots are named Jonathan after Jonathan Trumbull, a former governor of Connecticut. 5. The university’s basketball men’s and women’s program has won a combined 13 National Championships in the last 25 years. 6. In fact, the mens basketball team has won every time its gotten to the NCAA Tournament Final. That makes UConn undefeated in mens National Championship games. 7. The women’s basketball program holds the record for most consecutive victories: 90. 8. Painting â€Å"The Rock† is a tradition that started in the 1940’s with the same rock being covered with thousands of layers of paint over the decades. 9. The university hosts the largest mud volleyball tournament in the nation called â€Å"OOzeball† that draws thousands of people every year. 10. Notable alumni include Rick Mastraccio (Class of 1984), a NASA astronaut with experience on four space missions to date. Are you looking to apply toUConn? Make sure to search through profiles of students accepted to see essays, stats, and advice. See how they got in, and how you can too!

The Mystery of North Americas Black Wolves

The Mystery of North America's Black Wolves Despite their name, gray wolves (Canis lupus) are not always just gray. These canids  can also have black or white coats; the ones with black coats are referred to, logically enough, as black wolves. The frequencies of the various coat shades and colors prevailing within  a wolf population often vary with habitat. For example, wolf packs that live in open tundra  consist mostly of  light-colored individuals; the pale coats of these wolves allow them to blend in with their surroundings and conceal themselves when pursuing caribou, their primary prey. On the other hand, wolf packs living in boreal forests contain higher proportions of dark-colored individuals, as their murky habitat enables darker-colored individuals to blend in. Of all the color variations in Canis lupus, the black individuals are the most intriguing. Black wolves are so colored because of a genetic mutation in their K locus gene. This mutation causes a condition known as melanism, an increased presence of dark pigmentation which causes an individual to be colored black (or nearly black). Black wolves are also intriguing because of their distribution; there are significantly more black wolves in North America than there are in Europe.   To better understand the genetic underpinnings of black wolves, a team of scientists from Stanford University, UCLA, Sweden, Canada, and Italy recently assembled under the leadership of Stanfords Dr. Gregory Barsh; this group analyzed the DNA sequences of 150 wolves (about half of which were black) from Yellowstone National Park. They wound up piecing together a surprising genetic story, stretching back tens of thousands of years to a time when early humans were breeding domestic canines in favor of darker varieties. It turns out that the presence of black individuals in Yellowstones wolf packs is the result of deep historical mating between black domestic dogs and gray wolves. In the distant past, humans bred dogs in favor of darker, melanistic individuals, thus increasing the abundance of melanism in domestic dog populations. When domestic dogs interbred with wild wolves, they helped to bolster melanism in wolf populations as well. Unraveling the deep genetic past of any animal is a tricky business. Molecular analysis provides scientists with a way to estimate when genetic shifts could have occurred in the past, but its usually impossible to attach a firm date to such events. Based on genetic analysis, Dr. Barshs team estimated that the melanism mutation in canids arose sometime between 13,000 and 120,00 years ago (with the most likely date being about 47,000 years ago). Since dogs were domesticated around 40,000 years ago, this evidence fails to confirm whether the melanism mutation arose first in wolves or domestic dogs. But the story does not end there. Because melanism is far more prevalent in North American wolf populations than it is in European wolf populations, this  suggests that the cross between domestic dogs populations (rich in melanistic forms) likely occurred in North America. Using the data collected, study co-author Dr. Robert Wayne has dated the presence of domestic dogs in Alaska to about 14,000 years ago. He and his colleagues are now investigating ancient dog remains from that time and location to determine whether (and to what degree) melanism was present in those ancient domestic dogs. Edited on February 7, 2017, by Bob Strauss

A critical response to the Marketing Myopia article Assignment

A critical response to the Marketing Myopia article - Assignment Example According to Levitt, business can only succeed when the business management concentrates on satisfying customer’s needs as opposed to selling produce. Notably, customers are the backbone of any business if they do not buy the products the business can never grow (Levitt, 2004). Therefore, fulfilling the needs of customers translate to intense buying and selling products. Additionally, customers often feel comfortable to buying or engage in business with institutions that fulfill their business needs. Therefore, Theodore Levitt’s article â€Å"Marketing Myopia† is a platform that provides the management of businesses with understanding why and how to improve the productivity of businesses and the real needs of customers towards this growth. Levitt is advising the marketers to focus further on the market that shall modify products and companies instead of focusing on their own companies. Modifying products ensures that these products increase value thereby catering for the changing demands of customers and the business community. According to Levitt, first priority should be directed to the market, which is the customer. To emphasize on his new marketing myopia, Levitt uses numerous business institution (Levitt, 2004). For example, Levitt  focuses on the business productivity on Hollywood and in the same concern he possess a question â€Å"if Hollywood was into television rather than movies, wouldn’t it have profited more?† The ideals presented or posted by this question are actually true. Most of the Hollywood crowd usually concentrated in making movies than in money. In the real sense, there is much money in the television than in movie making. Through this question, Levitt is challenging business to check and if possible to change their strategies. Notably, if Hollywood could have thought of the television market, it would have made more money that what they currently make (Levitt, 2004). With Hollywood and Sony among other television channels, Levitt introduces new marketing idea termed as the marketing myopia theory. The myopia marketing theory concentrates on marketing strategies where companies are not only needed to be product oriented and technically sound, but the theory also needs companies to focus on the customers. Different companies deal on different customer products; therefore, different companies have different customer needs (Levitt, 2004). Thus, according to the myopia marketing theory, Levitt advocates for companies to identify these different customer needs so that they can be brought into effect towards marinating the customer interest. Adoption of marketing myopia theory may have numerous implications to organizations. From the projected effects of the myopia theory, the theory can be applied to both marketing and advertisement to determine whether a business is catering for the market adequately, or there are adjustments to be made (Levitt, 2004). The adjustments that may be proj ected by numerous businesses must; thus, aim at catering for large market since Levitt is more concern in businesses making more profit than they currently make. Moreover, the myopia theory needs businesses to identify effective advertising strategies. In this concern, according to the theory, identifying new markets is not the entire solution to the entire process, after the identifying the market, it is vital of management to work out ways to reach and have effects to this newly identified market (Levitt, 2004). It is only through effective marketing strategies that the identified markets can effectively deliver. However, it may be a problem for organizations to